Stem borer (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) in Anemone [0057]

OrderColeoptera
FamilyMordellidae[M,L,P,A]
Lower taxoncf. Mordellistena incommunis
No. spp. involvedOne confirmed [1-C]
Feeding modeStem borer
Host plantThimbleweed, Anemone cylindrica or A. virginiana (Ranunculaceae)
Larva from thimbleweed stem

In the current study, this species was first noted feeding in the stems of a species of thimbleweed (either Anemone cylindrica or A. virginiana) growing on a steep bluff prairie remnant. At that location, a typical larva of this species was observed to begin its feeding by tunneling in the elongate receptacle forming the core of the thimble-like seedhead. The receptacle would at least sometimes be almost entirely hollowed out and filled with frass before the larva would exit the receptacle and tunnel into the stalk of the seedhead (the peduncle). The larva's act of hollowing out the receptacle and then migrating into the peduncle sometimes weakened the juncture between peduncle and receptacle, so that the seedheads of affected plants could be broken off easily if grasped between a person's thumb and forefinger and twisted gently. Tunneling down through the peduncle, larvae eventually arrived in the main stem of the plant. Further feeding occurred here, and larvae continued moving downward through the main stem until finally reaching the base of the plant, which is where overwintering took place. An individual collected as a larva in April pupated shortly thereafter but failed to emerge as an adult.

During autumn, Mordellidae larvae that have mostly completed their feeding in stems of thimbleweed have also been observed in the current study to cut the main stem of the plant from the inside at a point roughly 10-20cm above ground level, causing the upper part of the plant to break off and leaving behind a lower stem "stump" with the larva inside. Such stumps have hollow interiors as a result of larval tunneling, but the open end created when the upper stem breaks off is sealed with a cap of frass, allowing the larva to pass the winter safely in the stump. The author has noted mordellid-created stem stumps in thimbleweed plants growing both in open prairie remnants and in well-wooded habitats, but the woodland-dwelling plants had not had their seedhead receptacles hollowed out.

Adults were reared from overwintered larvae in spring 2024. The silvery-gold markings on the elytra appear consistent with Mordellistena incommunis, when compared to images and a comment at BugGuide.net (e.g., Eiseman (2011) & Moyer (2012)). Upon emergence from the stem, one reared adult left a roundish exit hole in the stem stump just below the top end of the stump.

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Developing seedhead of thimbleweed, dissected, showing very young mordellid larva (left of center) with its initial tunnelings in the receptacle (at center). (Photo date: July 7, 2017)
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Very young mordellid larva from receptacle of thimbleweed seedhead.
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Receptacle of thimbleweed seedhead, recently hollowed out and filled with frass. (Photo date: July 29, 2017)
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Another tunneled receptacle. When this seedhead was grasped between the photographer's fingers and gently twisted, it broke off the plant easily, a result of the juncture between receptacle and peduncle having been weakened by the larva's tunneling. (Photo date: August 14, 2016)
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Seedhead, broken off easily at juncture of receptacle and peduncle, revealing tunneling in both receptacle (left of center) and peduncle (right of center). (Photo date: August 14, 2016)
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Another example where a seedhead separated from the peduncle easily as a result of a larva's tunneling in the receptacle and peduncle. (Photo date: August 14, 2016)
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Upper part of tunneled peduncle, dissected, with older sections of the tunnel filled with compacted frass (A) and a chamber containing the young larva at the terminus of the tunnel (B). The larva was removed from the peduncle for this photograph. (Photo date: July 29, 2017)
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Uppermost part of peduncle, dissected, revealing mordellid larva's tunnel filled with frass.
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Terminus of tunnel in peduncle, from which a young larva was removed before the photo was taken.
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The young larva from the tunneled peduncle in the previous three photos (0057-03 through 0057-05). (Photo date: July 29, 2017)
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Young larva from peduncle: head in frontal view (left panel), and posterior end (right panel).
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Mature larva, collected in spring after having successfully overwintered in the lower stem of a thimbleweed plant. (Photo date: April 28, 2018)
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Anterior end of mature larva.
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Posterior end of mature larva.
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Pupa, lateral. Ruler units are 32nds of an inch. (Photo date: May 26, 2018)
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Pupa.
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Posterior end of pupa.
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Thimbleweed stem stump during the dormant season in a remnant prairie. A mordellid larva is overwintering inside the stump. (Photo date: April 26, 2018)
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Thimbleweed stem stump during the dormant season in a woodland. A mordellid larva is overwintering inside the stump. Note the severed end of the upper part of the stem, which is lying horizontally just to the left of the top of the stump. (Photo date: November 20, 2022)
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IMG#: 0057-19
Top of stem stump from previous photo (0057-27). Note frass cap plugging the hollow core of the stump.
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Top of stem stump from previous photo (0057-27). Note frass cap plugging the hollow core of the stump.
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Top of stem stump from previous photo (0057-27). Note frass cap plugging the hollow core of the stump.
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Top of stem stump from previous photo (0057-27), dissected, revealing frass cap plugging the hollow core of the stump.
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Anterior end of larva from stem stump in previous photos (0057-27, 0057-19 through 0057-22).
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Head of larva from stem stump in previous photos (0057-27, 0057-19 through 0057-22).
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Several frontal views of the head of the larva from the previous photos (0057-27, 0057-19 through 0057-24).
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Exit hole of newly emerged adult in top of stem stump.
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Reared adult, lateral.
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Adult.
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Adult.
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IMG#: 0057-32
Adult.
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Specimen data for images

Coll. 07/07/17, photos same day (01-02); coll. 07/29/17, photos same day (03-08); coll. 08/14/16, photos same day (09-11); coll. as larva 04/26/18 and photographed on 04/28/18 (12-14), pupa photographed on 05/26/18 (15-17); coll. 11/20/22, photos same day (18-25, 27); field photo taken 04/26/18 (26); coll. 12/22/23, adult em. 04/08/24, photos of adult and exit hole in stem stump on adult's emergence day (28-32).

References

Eiseman, C.S. 2011. Mordellid. Contributor post on BugGuide.net. Retrieved December 3, 2024 from https://bugguide.net/node/view/598354.

Moyer, T. 2012. Comment on contributor post at BugGuide.net. Retrieved December 3, 2024 from https://bugguide.net/node/view/598354.

Plant anatomy terms from: Tenaglia, D. and Missouri Native Plant Society. 2023. Anemone virginiana L., thimbleweed. In Missouri Plants [website]. Retrieved November 8, 2023 from https://www.missouriplants.com/Anemone_virginiana_page.html.

Page created 11/07/23. Last update: 12/03/24