Stem borer / local feeder (Lepidoptera: Opostegidae) in Blephilia [0097]

OrderLepidoptera
FamilyOpostegidae[M,L]
Lower taxonPseudopostega
No. spp. involvedOne confirmed [1-C]
Feeding modeStem miner, localized stem borer
Host plantBlephilia hirsuta (Lamiaceae)
Larva from stem of Blephilia hirsuta

Feeding sign of this unique internal feeder may be found in the host plant's lower stems (including horizontal rooting portions of the lower stems) in fall and spring. The larva tunnels at various depths within a localized region of the stem, and the shallower tunnels result in faint grayish or blackish external discoloration along with blisterlike swelling of the stem epidermis in the affected area. The rest of the stem above and below this slightly swollen and discolored area appears unaffected both internally and externally. In some affected stems, larvae may also create more traditional linear stem mines that are formed just under the epidermis and are fully visible externally.

In 2021, one affected stem was collected on 28 October but it was not fully dissected in time to determine if it still held a larva inside. In 2023, four affected stems were collected on 9 May and 15 May. Three of these stems contained localized feeding areas that had already been abandoned by apparently mature larvae, who had each left a semicircular exit hole in the stem epidermis. The localized feeding area on one of the stems from the May 9th collection contained a late-stage larva feeding deep in the core of the stem. This larva was photographed in situ and then removed from the stem for further photographs (see below). It was then transplanted into a fresh length of Blephilia stem. The transplant was successful and the larva fed in the interior of the new length of stem for some time before abandoning it on or shortly before May 20, evidently in order to pupate. Also in 2023, examination of the autumn growth of the host at the end of September revealed a single stem that had already been evacuated by the larva it had hosted.

More affected stems were collected at the start of the growing season in 2024, this time on 10 and 13 April (rather than in May) because of an early arrival of spring. One of these stems produced a single diminutive parasitoid wasp on 19 April. Larvae in the other stems successfully finished their feeding, exited the stems, and spun rusty-colored, dorsoventrally flattened ovoid cocoons, with all cocoons completed before 25 April. A single adult was reared from one of these cocoons on 8 May. Two other cocoons produced braconid wasps belonging to the subfamily Ichneutinae, as identified from photos by Zuparko (2024). A pupa from a fourth, incompletely formed cocoon failed to reach adulthood, but was photographed as it matured.

The finding of affected stems of autumn growth vacated by presumably mature larvae suggests that some larvae finish feeding before the end of their first growing season, perhaps overwintering as pupae in cocoons. However, the presence of other larvae in a nearly mature state at the very beginning of the growing season strongly suggests that these individuals had overwintered in the plant material as middle-instar larvae. Thus, there may be a broad period of time from late summer or autumn through early spring during which larvae mature. Based on the documented flight periods of several species of Pseudopostega known from the study area (Harrison 2023, Davis and Stonis 2007), it is hypothesized that most or all individuals of this species emerge as adults in spring or early summer.

IMG#: 0097-31
Affected autumn growth of Blephilia hirsuta. (Photo date: September 29, 2023)
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IMG#: 0097-32
Detail, affected stem, autumn growth of host, showing slight swelling and subtle dark discoloration. Compare to unaffected stems of the host in the background to the left and right. This stem has already been evacuated by the larva it hosted. (Photo date: September 29, 2023)
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IMG#: 0097-27
Affected stem of autumn growth of host. Note dark discoloration.
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IMG#: 0097-28
Semicircular exit hole through which larva emerged from stem of autumn growth of host. (Photo date: September 29, 2023)
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IMG#: 0097-29
Detail, semicircular exit hole.
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IMG#: 0097-30
Tunneling and frass accumulation in stem interior, autumn growth of host.
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IMG#: 0097-01
Another example of an affected length of stem, this one collected in late autumn. (Photo date: October 28, 2021)
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IMG#: 0097-02
Detail, affected length of stem collected in late autumn.
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IMG#: 0097-03
Detail, affected length of stem collected in late autumn.
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IMG#: 0097-04
Interior of affected area of stem collected in late autumn, showing hollowing and frass.
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IMG#: 0097-05
Affected stem collected in spring, with larva's localized feeding area indicated by red bracket. (Photo date: May 16, 2023)
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IMG#: 0097-06
Affected stem collected in spring, with larva's localized feeding area indicated by red bracket. (Photo date: May 16, 2023)
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IMG#: 0097-07
Localized feeding area on affected stem collected in spring.
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IMG#: 0097-08
Detail, localized feeding area on affected stem collected in spring.
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IMG#: 0097-09
Detail, localized feeding area on affected stem collected in spring.
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IMG#: 0097-10
Detail, localized feeding area on affected stem collected in spring.
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IMG#: 0097-11
Localized feeding area in stem, spring collection, showing mature larva's semicircular exit hole. (Photo date: May 16, 2023)
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IMG#: 0097-12
Localized feeding area in stem, spring collection, showing mature larva's semicircular exit hole. (Photo date: May 16, 2023)
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IMG#: 0097-13
Interior of stem area from previous two photos (0097-11 and -12), showing tunneling and frass produced by a larva that is no longer present.
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IMG#: 0097-14
Localized feeding area in stem, spring collection, with outermost layers of stem tissue removed, revealing looping tunnel in stem, including one end of the loop (at right). (Photo date: May 10, 2023)
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IMG#: 0097-15
Tunnel in localized feeding area in stem, spring collection.
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IMG#: 0097-16
Tunnel in localized feeding area in stem, spring collection.
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IMG#: 0097-17
Occupied tunnel in localized feeding area in stem, spring collection, with a small portion of the larva's body visible at center.
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IMG#: 0097-18
Larva in tunnel in stem. (Photo date: May 10, 2023)
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IMG#: 0097-19
Larva, partly extricated from stem.
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IMG#: 0097-20
Larva.
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IMG#: 0097-21
Larva.
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IMG#: 0097-22
Larva, lateral.
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IMG#: 0097-23
Anterior end of larva, lateral.
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IMG#: 0097-24
Anterior end of larva, dorsal.
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IMG#: 0097-25
Head of larva, dorsal.
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IMG#: 0097-26
Head of larva, dorsal.
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IMG#: 0097-33
"Traditional" stem mine established by middle-instar larva in early spring growth of host. (Photo date: April 13, 2024)
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IMG#: 0097-34
Stem mine created by middle-instar larva in early spring growth. (Photo date: April 13, 2024)
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IMG#: 0097-35
Fully mature larva that has finished feeding and evacuated the plant material. (Photo date: April 21, 2024)
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IMG#: 0097-36
Fully mature larva.
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IMG#: 0097-37
Anterior end of fully mature larva.
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IMG#: 0097-54
Larva beginning construction of cocoon. (Photo date: April 18, 2024)
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IMG#: 0097-38
Cocoon. (Photo date: April 25, 2024)
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IMG#: 0097-39
Cocoon.
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IMG#: 0097-40
Irregular cocoon formed by larva in the top of the rearing bag. Top panel: majority of cocoon; bottom panel: rightmost portion of cocoon, with larva at far right.
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IMG#: 0097-41
Larva in irregular cocoon from previous photo (0097-40), preparing to pupate.
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IMG#: 0097-42
Larva transforming into pupa.
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IMG#: 0097-43
Recently formed pupa. (Photo date: May 1, 2024)
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IMG#: 0097-44
Pupa, ventral. Note the shed head capsule of the final instar larva. (Photo date: May 6, 2024)
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IMG#: 0097-45
Maturing pupa.
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IMG#: 0097-46
Reared adult. (Photo date: May 8, 2024)
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IMG#: 0097-47
Reared adult.
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IMG#: 0097-48
Reared adult, lateral.
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IMG#: 0097-52
Cocoon with pupal exuviae protruding.
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IMG#: 0097-53
Pupal exuviae protruding from cocoon.
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IMG#: 0097-49
Adult braconid parasitoid wasp reared from a cocoon of the Blephilia opostegid.
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IMG#: 0097-50
Adult parasitoid from opostegid cocoon, dorsal.
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IMG#: 0097-51
Wings of adult parasitoid from opostegid cocoon.
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Specimen data for images

Coll. 10/28/21, photos same day (01-04); coll. 05/15/23, photos on 05/16/23 (05-07, 11-13); coll. 05/09/23, photos on 05/10/23 (08-10, 14-26); coll. 09/29/23, field photos same day (31-32), other photos on 09/30/23 (27-30); coll. 04/13/24, photos same day (33-34); coll. 04/13/24, larva out of stem 04/18/24 and photographed on 04/21/24 (35-37); coll. 04/13/24, larva out of stem and cocoon started on 04/22/24, cocoon apparently done by 04/23/24 and photographed on 04/25/24 (38); coll. 04/13/24, cocoon found in rearing container on 04/25/24 (39); coll. 04/10/24, cocoon spun by 04/21/24 and photographed on 04/23/24 (40-41), developing pupa photographed on 04/25/24 (42), 05/01/24 (43), 05/06/24 (44), and 05/10/24 (45); coll. 04/10/24, adult emerged 05/08/24 and photographed same day (46-48), cocoon with pupal exuviae photographed ~06/08/24 (52-53); coll. 04/13/24, adult wasp emerged from opostegid cocoon on 05/09/24 and photographed on 05/11/24 (49-51); coll. 04/13/24, larva out of stem and photographed on 04/18/24 (54).

All specimens above from the Upper Midwest, USA.

References

Davis, D.R. and J.R. Stonis. 2007. A revision of the New World plant-mining moths of the family Opostegidae (Lepidoptera: Nepticuloidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 625, 212 pp., 503 figs., 19 maps, 2 tables.

Harrison, T. 2023. Family Opostegidae. On Microleps.org [website]. Retrieved November 5, 2023 from http://www.microleps.org/Guide/Opostegidae/index.html.

Zuparko, R. 2024. Comment on contributor post at BugGuide.net. Retrieved June 6, 2024 from https://bugguide.net/node/view/2356671.

Page created 09/28/23. Last update: 07/06/24