Stem miner/borer (Diptera) in Silphium [0506]

OrderDiptera
Familyundetermined[M,E,L]
Lower taxonundetermined
No. spp. involvedOne confirmed [1-C]
Feeding modeStem miner/borer
Host plantCup plant, Silphium perfoliatum (Asteraceae)
Larva in stem of cup plant

This dipteran miner/borer was first detected in the current study in 2020, via observation of the externally visible, shallow, blackened tunnels it creates in midribs and stems of the host. The tunnels tend to meander irregularly across and around the stem, sometimes forming a spiral or sinusoidal pattern. The tunnels also wind through all depths of the stem and change color, from black to brown to occasionally white/green, so that they can be quite difficult to follow in places.

In a few cases, the author was able to successfully locate a larva inside its tunnel. In one instance the tunnel was shallow enough that the larva's cephaloskeleton could be faintly seen through the outer wall of the stem. Larvae observed in this way appeared to be mostly early to middle instars. They were pale whitish with black cephaloskeletons and a pair of very small, light brown, ringlike posterior spiracular areas. The earliest observation of a larva occurred on 29 June.

Mature larvae or puparia have not yet been located in the current study. In two examined stems, the tunnels straightened out as they moved down the stem and, in the lowest 15-25cm of stem, the tunnels seemed to make a beeline for the belowground parts of the plant. Even these straight lower stem tunnels had a relatively small diameter, suggesting they were made by middle-instar larvae that still had a ways to go before reaching maturity. It is assumed that larval development is completed in the crown or roots of the plant, but this has not yet been confirmed. Several senesced stems with old feeding sign of early or middle instar larvae were searched in winter, with particular attention given to the lowermost portions of the stems near ground level, but no puparia could be found in the stem interiors, suggesting pupation may take place in the belowground parts or off the plant.

Some aspects of the larva's cephaloskeleton, along with the posterior spiracles and the general appearance of the larval body, are consistent with Agromyzidae; one photo appears to show the rear arms of the cephaloskeleton in a configuration typical for the subfamily Phytomyzinae. However, these details were not sufficient to clinch the subfamily or even family-level identification, so the fly is only identified to order here for now.

IMG#: 0506-01
Blackened tunnels of a dipteran borer winding around a stem of cup plant. (Photo date: October 6, 2020)
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IMG#: 0506-02
Tunnel stretching from leaf midrib into main stem.
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IMG#: 0506-03
Another view of a tunnel in a leaf midrib.
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IMG#: 0506-04
Affected stem. The apparent oviposition area is at the start of the mine at lower left. (Photo date: September 30, 2020)
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IMG#: 0506-05
Affected stem with blackened tunnels. (Photo date: August 7, 2022)
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IMG#: 0506-06
Detail, showing blackened shallow tunnels or mines in stem.
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IMG#: 0506-07
Affected stem with raised mines. (Photo date: August 16, 2022)
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IMG#: 0506-08
Affected stem with raised mines. (Photo date: August 16, 2022)
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IMG#: 0506-09
Shallow, raised tunnels in stem.
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IMG#: 0506-11
Tunnel in stem with what appears to be an oviposition site.
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IMG#: 0506-12
Apparent oviposition site.
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IMG#: 0506-13
Another start to a mine with what appears to be an oviposition scar.
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IMG#: 0506-14
Apparent oviposition scar.
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IMG#: 0506-15
Leading end of stem tunnel with larva inside. The larva's black cephaloskeleton is faintly visible through the outermost layers of the stem at the center of the image. (Photo date: June 29, 2021)
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IMG#: 0506-16
Interior of affected stem, showing tunnel and young larva. (Photo date: June 29, 2021)
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Young larva from interior of stem. (Photo date: June 29, 2021)
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IMG#: 0506-18
Young larva.
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IMG#: 0506-19
Several views of the anterior end of a young larva.
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IMG#: 0506-20
Tunnel of middle-aged larva. (Photo date: August 8, 2022)
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IMG#: 0506-21
Tunnel of middle-aged larva.
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IMG#: 0506-22
Larva in tunnel.
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IMG#: 0506-29
Larva in tunnel in stem. (Photo date: August 8, 2022)
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IMG#: 0506-23
Anterior end of larva, showing cephaloskeleton.
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IMG#: 0506-24
Larva. (Photo date: August 11, 2022)
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IMG#: 0506-25
Posterior spiracles of larva from previous photo (0506-24).
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IMG#: 0506-26
Views of the posterior spiracles of another larva. (Photo date: August 31, 2022)
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IMG#: 0506-27
After meandering as usual in the upper and middle portions of the stem, at least two tunnels observed in the current study appeared to straighten out in the lowermost 15-25 cm of stem and travel into the belowground parts of the plants. (Photo date: September 18, 2022)
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IMG#: 0506-28
Relatively straight tunnel in lower stem. (Photo date: September 18, 2022)
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Specimen data for images

Field photos taken 10/06/20 (01-03); coll. 09/30/20, photos same day (04, 11-14); coll. ~08/07/22, photos same day (05-06), photos 08/07/22-08/11/22 (20-25, 29), photos 08/30/21 (26); coll. ~08/16/22, photos same day (07-09); coll. ~09/18/22, photos same day (10, 27-28); coll. 06/28/21, photos 06/28/21-06/29/21 (15-19).

References

[none]

Page created 12/02/24. Last update: [none]